Ward and Hohmann, 1988, SEG

Frequency and time-domain modelling of magnetic loop sources and magnetic receivers.

Reproducing Figures 2.2-2.5, 4.2-4.5, and 4.7-4.8 of Ward and Hohmann (1988): Frequency- and time-domain isotropic solutions for a full-space (2.2-2.5) and a half-space (4.2-4.5, 4.7-4.8), where source and receiver are at the interface. Source is a loop, receiver is a magnetic dipole.

Reference

  • Ward, S. H., and G. W. Hohmann, 1988, Electromagnetic theory for geophysical applications, Chapter 4 of Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics: SEG, Investigations in Geophysics No. 3, 130–311; DOI: 10.1190/1.9781560802631.ch4.

import empymod
import numpy as np
from scipy.special import erf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.constants import mu_0

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 4.4

Ward and Hohmann (1988), Equations 4.69a and 4.70:

\[h_z = \frac{m}{4\pi r^3} \left[ \frac{9}{2\theta^2 r^2} \rm{erf}(\theta r) - \rm{erf}(\theta r) - \frac{1}{\pi^{1/2}} \left(\frac{9}{\theta r} + 4\theta r\right) \exp(-\theta^2 r^2) \right] \, , \qquad (4.69\rm{a})\]

and

\[\frac{\partial h_z}{\partial t} = -\frac{m\rho}{2\pi\mu_0 r^5} \left[ 9\rm{erf}(\theta r) - \frac{2\theta r}{\pi^{1/2}} \left(9 + 6\theta^2 r^2 + 4\theta^4 r^4\right) \exp(-\theta^2 r^2) \right] \, , \qquad (4.70)\]

where

\[\theta = \sqrt{\frac{\mu_0}{4t\rho}} \, ,\]

\(t\) is time in s, \(\rho\) is resistivity in \(\Omega\,\text{m}\), \(r\) is offset in m, and \(m\) the magnetic moment in \(\text{A}\,\text{m}^2\) .

Analytical solutions

def hz(t, res, r, m=1.):
    r"""Return equation 4.69a, Ward and Hohmann, 1988.

    Switch-off response (i.e., Hz(t)) of a homogeneous isotropic half-space,
    where the vertical magnetic source and receiver are at the interface.

    Parameters
    ----------
    t : array
        Times (t)
    res : float
        Halfspace resistivity (Ohm.m)
    r : float
        Offset (m)
    m : float, optional
        Magnetic moment, default is 1.

    Returns
    -------
    hz : array
        Vertical magnetic field (A/m)

    """
    theta = np.sqrt(mu_0/(4*res*t))
    theta_r = theta*r

    s = -(9/theta_r+4*theta_r)*np.exp(-theta_r**2)/np.sqrt(np.pi)
    s += erf(theta_r)*(9/(2*theta_r**2)-1)
    s *= m/(4*np.pi*r**3)

    return s
def dhzdt(t, res, r, m=1.):
    r"""Return equation 4.70, Ward and Hohmann, 1988.

    Impulse response (i.e., dHz(t)/dt) of a homogeneous isotropic half-space,
    where the vertical magnetic source and receiver are at the interface.

    Parameters
    ----------
    t : array
        Times (t)
    res : float
        Halfspace resistivity (Ohm.m)
    r : float
        Offset (m)
    m : float, optional
        Magnetic moment, default is 1.

    Returns
    -------
    dhz : array
        Time-derivative of the vertical magnetic field (A/m/s)

    """
    theta = np.sqrt(mu_0/(4*res*t))
    theta_r = theta*r

    s = (9 + 6 * theta_r**2 + 4 * theta_r**4) * np.exp(-theta_r**2)
    s *= -2 * theta_r / np.sqrt(np.pi)
    s += 9 * erf(theta_r)
    s *= -(m*res)/(2*np.pi*mu_0*r**5)

    return s

Survey parameters

time = np.logspace(-8, 0, 301)

src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 90]
rec = [100, 0, 0, 0, 90]
depth = 0
res = [2e14, 100]

Analytical result

hz_ana = hz(time, res[1], rec[0])
dhz_ana = dhzdt(time, res[1], rec[0])

Numerical result

eperm = [0, 0]  # Reduce early time numerical noise (diffusive approx for air)
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'freqtime': time, 'verb': 1, 'xdirect': True, 'epermH': eperm}

hz_num = empymod.loop(signal=-1, **inp)
dhz_num = empymod.loop(signal=0, **inp)

Plot the result

plt.figure(figsize=(5, 6))

plt.plot(time*1e3, abs(dhz_ana), 'k-', lw=2, label='Ward & Hohmann')
plt.plot(time*1e3, dhz_num, 'C1-', label='empymod; dHz/dt')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -dhz_num, 'C1--')

plt.plot(time*1e3, abs(hz_ana), 'k-', lw=2)
plt.plot(time*1e3, hz_num, 'C0-', label='empymod; Hz')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -hz_num, 'C0--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-5, 1e3])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-11., 0))
plt.ylim([1e-11, 1e-1])
plt.xlabel('time (ms)')
plt.legend()

plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig4-4.png

The following examples are just compared to the figures, without the provided analytical solutions.

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 4.2

# Survey parameters
freq = np.logspace(-1, 5, 301)
src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 90]
rec = [100, 0, 0, 0, 90]
depth = 0
res = [2e14, 100]

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'freqtime': freq, 'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.loop(**inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.real, 'C0-', label='Real')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.real, 'C0--')

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.imag, 'C1-', label='Imaginary')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.imag, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-1, 1e5])
plt.ylim([1e-12, 1e-6])
plt.xlabel('FREQUENCY (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('$H_z$ (A/m)')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig4-2.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 4.3

# Survey parameters
freq = np.logspace(-1, 5, 301)
src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 90]
rec = [100, 0, 0, 0, 0]
depth = 0
res = [2e14, 100]

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'freqtime': freq, 'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.loop(**inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.real, 'C0-', label='Real')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.real, 'C0--')

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.imag, 'C1-', label='Imaginary')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.imag, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-1, 1e5])
plt.ylim([1e-12, 1e-6])
plt.xlabel('FREQUENCY (Hz)')
plt.ylabel(r'$H_{\rho}$ (A/m)')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig4-3.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 4.5

# Survey parameters
time = np.logspace(-6, 0.5, 301)
src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 90]
rec = [100, 0, 0, 0, 0]
depth = 0
res = [2e14, 100]

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'epermH': eperm, 'freqtime': time, 'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.loop(signal=1, **inp)
fdhz_num = empymod.loop(signal=0, **inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 6))

ax1 = plt.subplot(111)
plt.plot(time*1e3, fdhz_num, 'C0-', label='dHz/dt')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fdhz_num, 'C0--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-3, 2e3])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-11., -1))
plt.ylim([1e-11, 1e-1])
plt.xlabel('time (ms)')
plt.ylabel(r'$\frac{\partial h_{\rho}}{\partial t}$ (A/m-s)')
plt.legend(loc=8)

ax2 = ax1.twinx()

plt.plot(time*1e3, fhz_num, 'C1-', label='Hz')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fhz_num, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-3, 2e3])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-16., -7))
plt.ylim([1e-17, 1e-7])
plt.ylabel(r'$h_{\rho}$ (A/m)')
plt.legend(loc=5)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig4-5.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 4.7

# Survey parameters
radius = 50
area = radius**2*np.pi
freq = np.logspace(-1, np.log10(250000), 301)
src = [radius, 0, 0, 90, 0]
rec = [0, 0, 0, 0, 90]
depth = 0
res = [2e14, 100]
strength = area/(radius/2)
mrec = True

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'freqtime': freq, 'strength': strength, 'mrec': mrec,
       'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.bipole(**inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.real, 'C0-', label='Real')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.real, 'C0--')

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.imag, 'C1-', label='Imaginary')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.imag, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-1, 1e6])
plt.ylim([1e-8, 1e-1])
plt.xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('$H_z$ (A/m)')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig4-7.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 4.8

# Survey parameters
radius = 50
area = radius**2*np.pi
time = np.logspace(-7, -1, 301)
src = [radius, 0, 0, 90, 0]
rec = [0, 0, 0, 0, 90]
depth = 0
res = [2e14, 100]
strength = area/(radius/2)
mrec = True

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'freqtime': time, 'strength': strength, 'mrec': mrec,
       'epermH': eperm, 'verb': 1}

fhz_num = empymod.bipole(signal=-1, **inp)
fdhz_num = empymod.bipole(signal=0, **inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(4, 6))

ax1 = plt.subplot(111)
plt.plot(time*1e3, fdhz_num, 'C0-', label=r'dhz/dt (A/m-s)')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fdhz_num, 'C0--')

plt.plot(time*1e3, fhz_num, 'C1-', label='hz (A/m)')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fhz_num, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-4, 1e2])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-7., 4))
plt.ylim([1e-7, 5e3])

plt.xlabel('time (ms)')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig4-8.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 2.2

# Survey parameters
freq = np.logspace(-2, 5, 301)
src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
rec = [0, 100, 0, 0, 0]
depth = []
res = 100

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'freqtime': freq, 'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.loop(**inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.real, 'C0-', label='Real')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.real, 'C0--')

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.imag, 'C1-', label='Imaginary')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.imag, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-2, 1e5])
plt.ylim([1e-13, 1e-6])
plt.xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('$H_z$ (A/m)')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig2-2.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 2.3

# Survey parameters
freq = np.logspace(-2, 5, 301)
src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
rec = [100, 0, 0, 0, 0]
depth = []
res = 100

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'freqtime': freq, 'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.loop(**inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.real, 'C0-', label='Real')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.real, 'C0--')

plt.plot(freq, fhz_num.imag, 'C1-', label='Imaginary')
plt.plot(freq, -fhz_num.imag, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-2, 1e5])
plt.ylim([1e-13, 1e-6])
plt.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel(r'$H_{\rho}$ (A/m)')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig2-3.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 2.4

# Survey parameters
time = np.logspace(-7, 0, 301)
src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
rec = [0, 100, 0, 0, 0]
depth = []
res = 100

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'xdirect': True, 'freqtime': time, 'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.loop(signal=1, **inp)
fdhz_num = empymod.loop(signal=0, **inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

ax1 = plt.subplot(111)

plt.plot(time*1e3, fdhz_num, 'C0-', label='dHz/dt')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fdhz_num, 'C0--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-4, 1e3])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-12., -1))
plt.ylim([1e-12, 1e-2])
plt.xlabel('time (ms)')
plt.ylabel(r'$\frac{\partial h_{\rho}}{\partial t}$ (A/m-s)')
plt.legend(loc=8)

ax2 = ax1.twinx()

plt.plot(time*1e3, fhz_num, 'C1-', label='Hz')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fhz_num, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-4, 1e3])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-14., -3))
plt.ylim([1e-14, 1e-4])
plt.ylabel(r'$h_{\rho}$ (A/m)')
plt.legend(loc=5)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
ward1988

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig2-4.png

Ward and Hohmann, 1988, Fig 2.5

# Survey parameters
time = np.logspace(-7, 0, 301)
src = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
rec = [100, 0, 0, 0, 0]
depth = []
res = 100

# Computation
inp = {'src': src, 'rec': rec, 'depth': depth, 'res': res,
       'xdirect': True, 'freqtime': time, 'verb': 1}
fhz_num = empymod.loop(signal=1, **inp)
fdhz_num = empymod.loop(signal=0, **inp)

# Figure
plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))

ax1 = plt.subplot(111)
plt.title('New version')

plt.plot(time*1e3, fdhz_num, 'C0-', label='dHz/dt')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fdhz_num, 'C0--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-4, 1e3])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-12., -1))
plt.ylim([1e-12, 1e-2])
plt.xlabel('time (ms)')
plt.ylabel(r'$\frac{\partial h_{\rho}}{\partial t}$ (A/m-s)')
plt.legend(loc=8)

ax2 = ax1.twinx()

plt.plot(time*1e3, fhz_num, 'C1-', label='Hz')
plt.plot(time*1e3, -fhz_num, 'C1--')

plt.xscale('log')
plt.yscale('log')
plt.xlim([1e-4, 1e3])
plt.yticks(10**np.arange(-16., -5))
plt.ylim([1e-16, 1e-6])
plt.ylabel(r'$h_{\rho}$ (A/m)')
plt.legend(loc=5)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
New version

Original Figure

../../_images/WardHohmannFig2-5.png
empymod.Report()
Wed Jun 23 07:11:24 2021 UTC
OS Linux CPU(s) 2 Machine x86_64
Architecture 64bit RAM 7.5 GiB Environment Python
Python 3.8.6 (default, Oct 19 2020, 15:10:29) [GCC 7.5.0]
numpy 1.21.0 scipy 1.7.0 numba 0.53.1
empymod 2.1.1 IPython 7.24.1 matplotlib 3.4.2


Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 8.517 seconds)

Estimated memory usage: 9 MB

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